Introduction :

Pakistan suffers from food insecurity because of inadequate agricultural productivity, unstable political arrangements, and corruption. Many of the poor lack purchasing power and access to adequate food supplies.

However, the country has also been subject to extreme weather and disasters. Since 2013, drought has become a frequent phenomenon and the 2022 floods are the worst in its history. Extremes in weather have affected livelihoods and household food security. This has especially been the case in parts of Baluchistan and Sindh provinces. The FSC (Food Security Cluster) estimates that drought affected some 5 million people in the 26 districts of those provinces in 2019.

As a result, approximately 1.3 million people were already experiencing Crisis (IPC 3) and Emergency (IPC 4) levels of food insecurity. All were living in the drought-affected districts of Sindh Province. 

The Nature of Food Insecurity In Pakistan :

Overall, Pakistan is placed 92nd out of 116 countries on the Global Hunger Index (GHI) (2022). With a rating of 24.7, the country's hunger level is grouped as 'serious'. That ranking is over shadowed by its neighbor, India (ranked 101st). However, Pakistan's other regional neighbors, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, are ranked somewhat better, at 76th and 65th respectively. 

Food insecurity and malnutrition persist despite improvements in food production over recent years. According to the Planning Commission of Pakistan's "Vision 2030", about half of the country's population still suffers from absolute to moderate malnutrition. The most vulnerable groups are children, women, and the elderly in the lowest income groups.

The Main Factors Behind Food Insecurity In Pakistan :

Food insecurity describes a lack of adequate food and nutrition for the development of a normal, healthy life. It is the result of poor availability or provision of food due to a lack of purchasing power or inadequate use of food at a household level. In Pakistan this is caused by several factors:

• Lack of access to farming machinery 
• Limited access to modern technologies in agriculture
• Climate Change/ Floods 
• Political Crisis
• Population Growth
• Economic disability
• The unaffordability of nutritious food
• Water Shortage
• Over-reliance on Wheat Crops

     Therefore, the Pakistani government has implemented a number of policy responses to improve the country's food sustainability. They include the pursuit of industrial growth, food imports, poverty reduction measures, nutritional development programs, and the provision of social welfare programs.

     Extreme weather has played a part. Currently, 17% of Pakistan is still affected by flooding two months after its worst climate-driven disaster in history. The country is now battling malaria, cholera, dengue, water-borne disease and malnutrition directly caused by the floods.

     The national government is also seeking assistance from foreign organizations to help resolve the crisis. Social protection policies and economic strategies that are inclusive of the agricultural sector are vital for building a sustainable future in Pakistan. The goal is to ensure that all provinces have access to sufficient healthy food.

The Impact on Pakistan's Population :

• Over recent years, Pakistan has actually become a food surplus country and a major world producer of wheat. It distributes food to needy populations through a variety of mechanisms, including the World Food Programme (WFP).
• However, the national nutrition survey of 2018 shows that 36.9 percent of the population still face food insecurity. The problem is that Pakistan's most vulnerable groups lack access to an adequate and sufficiently diverse diet, particularly women.
• According to the survey report, the region has the second-highest level of malnutrition. This severely impacts children's development. 18 percent of people in Pakistan under the age of five suffer extreme malnutrition. Around 40 percent of those have stunted growth, and 29 percent are underweight. All complementary feeding indicators are far below acceptable levels.
• Also, only one in every seven children aged between 6 and 23 months receives meals with minimum dietary diversity, comprised of at least four different food groups. It is also largely Pakistan's children that are failing to receive the minimum number of meals per day.

How Can Pakistan Move Towards Food Sustainability?

There are many practical opportunities to improve Pakistan's food sustainability. The right approach should see substantial transformations in the food system over the coming decade.

• Firstly, Pakistan needs to address food insecurity in both rural and urban areas with multi-sectoral interventions. These will improve production, processing, transport, storage, and marketing. Government policy can also help the food production industry deal with shocks, including those caused by climate change.
• Secondly, Pakistan must empower agriculture and livestock producers with better access to technology. This will ensure broader adoption of climate-smart agriculture.
• Thirdly, enhanced vaccination campaigns against common livestock diseases and improved regulations on stock management will reduce the risk of disease. The COVID pandemic highlighted the risk and impact of disease transmissions from animals to humans. Pakistan has a large volume of livestock with substantial viral and bacterial loads. Therefore, it particularly important for the government to take concrete steps to manage risk.
• Finally, Pakistan needs to encourage greater use of digital technologies in both rural and urban areas. These kinds of innovation can make the food system more responsive, resilient and, efficient. Governments create a favorable policy environment by supporting the private sector to develop new technologies.

The Vision 2030 :

Around the world, food insecurity among the most vulnerable is rising de to the ongoing global food crisis. As part of its response, the World Bank is supporting countries to improve agriculture productivity  and build more resilient, sustainable food systems.

The UN's 2030 Agenda has somewhat altered the discourse on 'development' in Pakistan. In order to optimize available resources, the country is exploring avenue for cross-sectoral cooperation and partnerships. Every stakeholder is considered an actor in the project. This will be the hallmark of Pakistan's implementation plan for achieving the 2030 Agenda's Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's).

Conclusion :

Food insecurity is not just about the shortage of food. It also describes the inability to supply the required amount of daily nutrition. Food insecurity affects women, children, and rural households disproportionately. Socio-economic inequalities increase the number of food-insecure households.

Thus, it is important that the Pakistan government devise policies that ensure a more equitable resource distribution in the country. The creation of more cultivable land will ensure the continued availability of staples like wheat. However, it must also encourage more efficient use of the country's resources by promoting modern technologies in food production, and adequate access to a diverse and healthy diet for the whole population.

Pakistan's agricultural cooperation under the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) offers an excellent opportunity to positively impact its agricultural sector. Also, work on Goal 2 of the UN's SDGs will help build solutions that prevent hunger and achieve food security long term. Sustainable agriculture initiatives are the key to achieving these targets.